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    Project Staff
    In a 2020 letter to the Haida Gwaii Management Council, this renowned scientist and her research associate Dr. Teresa (Sm’hayetsk) Ryan outlined the need for reforming forestry so that it begins to reverse the impacts it has had on the climate and biodiversity crises. The contents of the letter address issues applicable to most humid forests, including those of the Discovery Islands.
     
    Haida Gwaii Management Council PO Box 589
    Masset, Haida Gwaii, BC
    V0T 1M0 
    January 14, 2020
    Dear Council Members;
    Re: Haida Gwaii Timber Supply Review Public Discussion Paper 
    Thank-you for the opportunity to provide input on the Haida Gwaii Timber Supply Review Public Discussion Paper as it pertains to the HGMC’s Haida Gwaii AAC determination as well as the Chief Forester’s AAC determinations for the TSA and TFLs. This TSR represents an important opportunity to make critical changes to help confront multiple aspects of the global change crisis1, and it comes as the IPCC warns us of runaway climate change in the absence of transformational mitigation measures aimed at fossil fuels and land use strategies2. We are providing this input as Canadian citizens and scientists, but the viewpoints expressed herein are our own, and do not represent that of our employer, The University of British Columbia. 
    The Timber Supply Review discussed in the Public Discussion Paper, and implications for the AAC, is focused on a base case for timber supply, as has been traditionally the case for the Provincial government. The base case for timber supply is subject to errors associated with growth and yield modeling, as well as uncertainties and an unpredictable future climate. Even more importantly, however, the range of eco-sociological goods and services provided by the forests of Haida Gwaii for mitigating climate change and increasing resilience of the ecosystems and human populations, particularly the Haida people, have not been fully considered in this review. The time when forests are managed primarily on the basis of even-flow long-run sustained yield, even under the umbrella of ecosystem based management, has long passed given the global change crisis. 
    To that end, we have four main concerns with the Timber Supply Review, including: (1) Loss of carbon stocks and contribution to climate change, (2) Unaccounted sources of variation in the base case, (3) Loss of biodiversity and endangered species, and (4) Inadequate consideration of the rights and well-being of the Haida people at present and in the future. In this letter, we are commenting only on the first three, particularly (1), as the Haida people will express their own concerns over the harvesting of forests on Haida Gwaii3. We follow these comments with two recommendations. 
    (1) Loss of carbon stocks and climate change: 
    British Columbia has committed to a 40% reduction in greenhouse gases by 2030 and 80% by 2050 as part of Canada’s commitment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change4. So far, however, we are moving in the opposite direction, with our emissions increasing annually, and more coming from forestry than all other sectors combined5. In 2017, BC reported that annual emissions from fossil fuels had increased to 65 million tonnes of C6. By comparison, 2017 emissions from logging (removal of trees and woody debris, plus accelerated decomposition of forest floor and soil) were estimated as 42 million tonnes C, and foregone carbon capture an additional 26.5 million tonnes C, for a total of 68.5 million tonnes C added to the atmosphere annually from forestry practices alone5. This has skyrocketed to 203 million tonnes C with wildfires in recent years5. While drastically reducing fossil fuel emissions to decarbonize the energy sector is essential, Canada cannot meet its commitments for carbon emission reductions without the provinces protecting carbon stocks in existing forests, or increasing sequestration capacity of managed forests7. 
    While emissions from forestry are not included in official carbon budgets8, there is sufficient science for us to know that ignoring them is abrogating our responsibility to current and future generations. Missing our targets are already starting to destabilize the Earth’s climate, terrestrial, and aquatic systems, and continuing to do so will quickly have catastrophic consequences for biodiversity, ecosystem services, and humans9. Effective forest management has an essential role in helping meet global targets, especially where large existing carbon stocks can be protected through forest preservation, and carbon sequestration can be increased through sustainable forest management, particularly in high density C ecosystems such as Haida Gwaii10. Scientists estimate that forest preservation, reduced logging and improved management of second growth forests could provide 37% of the mitigation needed to stabilize global warming below 2oC by 203911. 
    The forests and interconnected bog ecosystems of Haida Gwaii fall within the Pacific Coastal temperate ecosystem, which contains among the world’s largest carbon pools, has among the highest carbon sequestration potential, and has the lowest vulnerability to disturbance by future fire and drought10. These Pacific Maritime ecosystems are considered by scientists to be a top priority for forest set-asides as carbon preserves10. Individual temperate rainforests and peatlands in BC’s Pacific Maritime store up to 1,300 tonnes C/ha depending on site quality12. This is 3-5 times greater than BC’s interior temperate forests, which store 220-500 tonnes C/ha13 and are also highly vulnerable to disturbance by fire, bark beetles, and pathogens14-15. Buotte et al. (2019) write that “preserving high- carbon-priority forests (such as Haida Gwaii) avoids future CO2 emissions from harvesting and mitigates existing emissions through carbon sequestration.”10 
    The Haida Gwaii TSR presents a base case for a future even-flow annual harvest level of 842,782 m3/yr over a 147,746 ha timber harvesting landbase16. With an average yield of 432 m3/ha for Canada’s west coast forests (three times the national average of 136 m3/ha)17, this would amount to an estimated 2,000 hectares being clearcut on Haida Gwaii annually. Our detailed carbon accounting in the Mother Tree project has found an average loss of 61% of the carbon within one year of clearcut harvesting18, and it is safe to assume that this represents the low end of loss on Haida Gwaii given the large debris piles and buried logs that have been observed and documented3. These clearcuts are projected to remain carbon sources for 1-3 decades19, and it is therefore realistic to expect that continuing soil decomposition will result in a loss of three-quarters of the site carbon before carbon neutrality is achieved20. Given these loss estimates, along with the large original carbon stocks of Haida Gwaii forests, we expect the proposed AAC of 842,782 m3/yr to contribute approximately 2 million tonnes C emissions annually. Projecting these values over the next decade, when global carbon drawdown will be most crucial for avoiding catastrophic climate change, clearcutting on Haida Gwaii would contribute an estimated 20 million tonnes C in emissions. 
    Given the foregone carbon sequestration of the forests and the cumulative effects of clearcutting over the island archipelago over time, the 20 million tonnes C emissions from logging on Haida Gwaii is an underestimate of total emissions from forestry. The additional opportunity cost associated with lost sequestration capacity, estimated at 2 tonnes C/ha/yr5, would add about 2,400 tonnes C/yr, or 24,000 tonnes C by 2030. In Canada’s 2018 progress report to the UN, a 100 million tonne C gap has already been identified for meeting 2030 commitments22, and these emissions from clearcutting on Haida Gwaii will make meeting this gap far more difficult. Moreover, clearcutting of the upland forests and eskers will affect the hydrology of the surrounding bog network, and it is reasonable to expect reduced water levels21 and increased decomposition of the peatlands, raising emissions even further. The forest hydrology on Haida Gwaii has been severely disrupted as a result of careless logging practices and relentless clearcutting causing detrimental impacts to habitats for mammals, fish and birds. 
    The minimum harvestable age of the base case is 94 years for old-growth forests and 77 years for managed stands, or a minimum diameter of 30 cm, but current market value lumber grades are only realized when trees reach 150 years (and much larger diameters)15. The TSR sensitivity analysis shows that increasing the rotation age even to 150 years to maximize timber revenues would reduce the timber supply by 79%15. But old growth forests continue to sequester carbon for centuries23, and the longevity of cedars on Haida Gwaii can be 1000 years or more, and the size of Sitka spruce upwards of 4 meters in diameter3. Scientists studying these types of ancient forests worldwide have shown that the carbon pools continue to increase even as they experience gap phase disturbances15,23. The largest 1% of the world’s trees are thought to store 50% of the forest carbon globally24, and old growth temperate rainforests are estimated to contribute 10% of global net ecosystem productivity25. Given this, maximizing carbon pools would reduce the timber supply even further; indeed, a clear-minded analysis indicates that clearcutting on Haida Gwaii makes no sense from a climate change perspective. 
    Given that cedars become suitable for totem poles or canoes when they reach 300 to 1000 years of age3, the loss of old cedar indicates significant opportunity costs for cultural uses as well. It is clear from the TSR that these monumental trees will no longer exist in the TSA under TSR assumptions, unless there are specific allowances for their preservation within natural conditions of their life history. Because old trees become monumental in size as a result of whole ecosystem health26-27, this means that forests, not just trees, would require protection. As mentioned above, scientists expect that when these old forests are logged, much of the carbon, even soil carbon, will move back to the atmosphere23. Likewise, with the loss of old cedar, the Haida culture will be irrevocably affected, in direct contradiction of Canada and BC’s Truth and Reconciliation principals28. 
    With B.C.'s carbon price increasing to $50 per tonne in 202129, the opportunity cost of emitting 20 million tonnes C with timber harvesting will amount to a value of $100 million over the next decade, assuming no further increases in the price of carbon and discounting foregone sequestration potential. In comparison, the processing of only 0.6% of the harvest on Haida Gwaii amounts to only 285 person years of local employment from 2015 to 201716, or approximately 100 person years annually. Assuming average annual earnings of $50,000 per person, this amounts to approximately $5 million in collective wages earned by local Haida Gwaii residents annually. These earnings pale in comparison to the value of carbon in the forests if they were preserved. They also pale in comparison to the person years it takes to carve canoes and poles from monumental cedars, not to mention the immeasurable cultural losses that clearcutting and industrial forestry represent to the Haida people. In addition, the harvest rate at the suggested AAC would preclude future employment in a sector doomed for failure. 
    (2) Unaccounted variation in the base case. 
    Timber supply projections are subject to measurement, sampling and modeling errors that have been documented in the literature by growth and yield specialists30. These errors, when propagated through long term projections, can amplify errors of estimates substantially31. For these reasons, it is reasonable to expect considerable error in the long-run even-flow projection in the TSR. In addition, changing criteria and indicators from the base case of even-flow harvest derived from culmination of mean annual increment to include, for example, longer rotation ages, cultural preserves, or increased ecological resilience through maintenance of biodiversity, will result in large changes in annual yields. For example, the TSR estimates a 79% reduction by increasing the rotation age to 150 years alone. 
    The TSR analysis is based on the assumption that growth and yield of future forests will be the same as past growth and yield that has produced what is remaining in the current forests. Climate change projections have already shown these assumptions to be false, and changing climate will likely reduce yield in the coming decades2. Already we are seeing maladaptation of certain species in Pacific Coastal ecosystems, including diebacks of cedar, salal and sword fern32. Such diebacks are projected to increase as temperatures warm and precipitation patterns shift33 and reductions in free-to-grow stocking by half due to a range of climate-related damaging agents has already been documented in plantations elsewhere in British Columbia34. 
    Reforestation practices for clearcuts of Haida Gwai, based on personal observations, have followed the industrial model of planting nursery-grown plug stock of cedar, spruce and lodgepole pine. In primary forests of Haida Gwaii, cedar naturally reproduces primarily by layering, where gap phase disturbances facilitate regeneration of cedar around parent trees. These saplings grow up in the neighborhood of their elders, where they are protected and their growth facilitated. The industrial approach of planting cedar plugs in clearcuts does not emulate these natural processes. Moreover, the planting of lodgepole pine in the clearcuts of Haida Gwai appears to be geared at achieving early free-growing, and we should expect these trees to decline with age past free-to-grow age even more so than has been observed in the interior rainforests35. Furthermore, the changes clearcutting brings to the hydrology of forests will cause a redistribution of water in the soil profile, likely with saturation at depth and surface drying36, and this could serve to amplify drought-related diebacks among planted stock. For these reasons, the industrial approach of clearcutting and planting does not emulate natural disturbance regimes and regeneration dynamics on Haida Gwaii. With climate change, the second growth forests will likely severely underperform relative to primary forests as measured in permanent sample plots. 
    (3) Loss of biodiversity and endangered species 
    Haida Gwaii hosts a number of endemic and endangered species that are discussed in the TSR16. How well this list represents the full biodiversity in the TSA is not clear. It is notable that conservation of northern goshawk habitat alone, where all 67 northern goshawk territories are managed for nesting and foraging, an 18.2% reduction in the base case yield would result16. Further reductions needed for conserving the habitat of all at-risk species in the Haida Gwaii forests is unknown. The effect of clearcutting on dwindling salmon populations, for example, is not well understood except as observed by the pronounced absence of salmon stocks. A full risk analysis of potential losses of biodiversity is needed before there is further clearcutting on Haida Gwaii. Canada has made commitments to maintain biodiversity in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (Earth Summit in Rio, signed by Canada in 1993). Notably, the convention is “based on the precautionary principle which demands that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat.” 
    The forests of Haida Gwaii are high-productivity, low-vulnerability forests that have high above- and belowground carbon stocks10, as detailed above. Researchers have found that carbon rich forests, including forests in British Columbia13, are also among those with the highest tree species richness and highest proportion of critical habitat for endangered species10,37. Scientists have identified forests with the greatest potential to sequester carbon during this century to also provide multiple ecological co- benefits, including greater biodiversity and reduced vulnerability to disturbance.10 Buotte et al. (2019) have suggested that preservation of high carbon density Pacific Northwest forests “serves the greatest public good by maximizing co-benefits such as biological carbon sequestration and unparalleled ecosystem services including biodiversity enhancement, water and air quality, flood and erosion control, and low impact recreation. The development of governance programs to promote preservation” of these high priority forests will be critical as global climate changes. 
    Summary and Recommendations: 
    Forests are the core of the BC carbon budget, home for many indigenous people, sources of biodiversity and clean water, and they provide the ecological goods and services that underlie economic resilience if properly conserved. The forests of the Pacific Maritime region, including Haida Gwaii, stand out as among the most productive, carbon rich and biodiverse of the world, and there is a global expectation that Canada is committed to protecting these ecosystems to mitigate global change now and for the future. To that end, Canada has made global commitments to protect carbon stocks, biodiversity and the rights of indigenous people by signing these United Nations conventions and declarations: (1) the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Paris Agreement, signed by Canada in 2016); (2) the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (Earth Summit in Rio, signed by Canada in 1993); and (3) the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (supported by Canada in 2010). In reviewing the TSR, we have low confidence that the proposed base case will meet any targets or goals of these interrelated commitments. Therefore, we recommend: 
    (1)  Upon review of the Public Discussion Paper, and given the weight of current scientific understanding of the crucial role Maritime forest ecosystems play in mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and infringement of Aboriginal and indigenous rights, it is our professional opinion that a moratorium ought to be placed on further clearcutting of Haida Gwaii. This moratorium should be implemented to allow quantification of the full ecological and socio- economic impacts of the harvesting. (2)  Considering the cultural and ecological importance of Haida Gwaii globally, we further recommend that Haida Gwaii be proposed as a UNESCO Biosphere Protected Area Reserve. We would be happy to discuss this letter and provide further expert advice. Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the Haida Gwaii Timber Supply Review Public Discussion Paper. 
    Sincerely, 
    Dr. Suzanne Simard, RPF 1924
    Professor of Forest Ecology, suzanne.simard@ubc.ca Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia 
    And 
    Dr. Teresa (Sm’hayetsk) Ryan
    Research Associate/Sessional Lecturer, teresa.ryan@ubc.ca Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia 
       
    References: 
    1 Pojar, J. 2019. https://sierraclub.bc.ca/7-myths-about-forests-carbon-and-climate-change
    2 IPCC. 2018. Summary for policymakers. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 32 pp.
    3 Parfitt, Ben. 2019. https://thenarwhal.ca/battle-haida-gwaiis-cedars/
    4 https://engage.gov.bc.ca/app/uploads/sites/391/2018/07/MoE-IntentionsPaper-Introduction.pdf
    5 https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/data/provincial-inventory
    6 https://thenarwhal.ca/b-c-s-climate-action-must-address-three-elephants-in-the-room/
    7 Weiting, J. 2019.  https://sierraclub.bc.ca/clearcutcarbon/ 
    8 Ripple et al. 2020. https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biz088/5610806
    9 Steffen, W., et al. 2018. Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. PNAS 115:8252–8259.
    10 Buotte, P. C., B. E. Law, W. J. Ripple, and L. T. Berner. 2019. Carbon sequestration and biodiversity co-benefits of preserving forests in the western United States. Ecol. Appl., 10.1002/eap.2039
    11 Griscom, B. W., et al. 2017. Natural climate solutions. PNAS 114:11645– 11650.
    12 Trofymow JA, Blackwell BA. 1998. Changes in ecosystem mass and carbon distributions in coastal forest chronosequences. Northwest Science 72: 40-42.
    13 Roach, W.J. et al. 2020. Carbon storage, productivity and biodiversity of mature Douglas-fir forests across a climate gradient in British Columbia. J. Ecol., submitted.
    14 Kurz, W., et al. 2008. PNAS 105: 1551–1555.
    15 Buotte et al. 2018. Global Change Biol. Glob Change Biol. 2019;25:290–303.
    16 http://www.haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca/2019/11/15/public-review-period-documents/
    17 https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/forests-forestry/state-canadas-forests-report/how-much-forest-does-canada-have/indicator-wood-volume/16399
    18 Roach, W.J. et al. 2020. Effects of harvesting on carbon storage of mature Douglas-fir forests across a climate gradient in British Columbia. In prep.
    19 http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/fs/turner/pdfs/turner_env_man_2004.pdf
    20 Defrenne, C.E., et al. 2016. O.J. For. 6: 305-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2016.65025
    21 Perry, T. D., and J. A. Jones. 2017. Summer streamflow deficits from regenerating Douglas-fir forest in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Ecohydrology 10:e1790.
    22 https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/sustainable-development/publications/2018-progress-report.html
    23 Luyssaert et al. 2008. Vol 455|11 September 2008|doi:10.1038/nature07276
    24 Lutz et al. 2018. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/geb.12747
    25 Bolin, B. et al. in IPCC, Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry. A Special Report of the IPCC (eds Watson, R. T. et al.) 23–51 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000).
    26 Simard et al. 2017. The mother tree. Anna-Sophie Springer & Etienne Turpin (eds.). The Word for World is Still Forest. ISBN 978-3-9818635-0-5 
    27 Franklin et al. 1987. BioScience, 37: 550-556
    28 http://www.trc.ca/assets/pdf/Honouring_the_Truth_Reconciling_for_the_Future_July_23_2015.pdf
    29 https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/planning-and-action/carbon-tax
    30 Temesgen, H., Gadow, K. 2004. Eur J Forest Res 123: 45–51
    31 Ung, C.-H. et al. 2009. https://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/pdfplus/10.5558/tfc85057-1
    32 Beier et al. 2008. Can. J. For. Res. 38(6): 1319-1334, https://doi.org/10.1139/X07-240
    33 Allen, A.K., et al. 2010. For. Ecol. Manage. 259: 660- 684.
    34 Heineman. J.L. et al. 2010. Can. J. For. Res. 40: 1109-1127.
    35 Roach, W.J. et al. 2015. Forestry 88: 345-358.
    36 FAO. 2012. Forest management and climate change: a literature review. WP 10.
    37 Liang, J. et al. 2016. Science, 354 (6309). doi: 10.1126/science.aaf8957

    Project Staff
    In a letter written to the Haida Gwaii Management Council in 2020, Hammond describes ecosystem-based forest management and its benefits.
     
     
    February 3, 2020
    Haida Gwaii Management Council PO Box 589
    Masset, Haida Gwaii, BC
    V0T 1M0
    Via email: admin@haidagwaiimanagementcouncil.ca Dear Council Members:
    Re: Haida Gwaii Timber Supply Review Public Discussion Paper
    I am hopeful that the information contained in this letter and attachments will be of interest to the Haida Gwaii Management Council (the Council). Given the seriousness of the climate emergency and the vital roles played by intact forests, particularly old- growth temperate rain forests, I believe my suggestions are important for achieving enduring ecologically, socially, and economically responsible forest management on Haida Gwaii.
    To begin, I would like to support the analysis and recommendations to the Council of Dr. Suzanne Simard and Dr. Teresa Ryan of The Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia as expressed in their letter of January 14, 2020. Their discussion of loss of carbon stocks and climate change, and loss of biodiversity and endangered species form important background for my suggestions. Thus, I will not repeat the points made in the Simard/Ryan letter.
     
    Ecosystem Services Supply Review versus Timber Supply Review
    The climate change emergency brings focus to the reality that the ecosystem services provided free of charge by intact forest ecosystems are the public interest —essential services that we cannot live without. Complex biological diversity, pure water, air purification, climate moderation, carbon sequestration and storage, and spiritual sustenance are essential realities that we cannot live without. In that regard, timber, tourism, community development, and other forms of resource use need to be viewed as byproducts of protecting and restoring natural ecological integrity.
    There is a plethora of scientific findings that support the need to protect intact forests — intact ecosystems. I have attached one of those research findings: “The exceptional value of the intact forest ecosystems” Watson et al. Nature Ecology and Evolution. Vol 2. April, 2018. The message of this
    Haida Gwaii TSR Discussion Paper suggestions 2 publication is summarized in a Nature Comment, November, 2018, which I have also included for the Council’s review.
    An analysis of forests for timber, i.e. a timber supply review, puts the cart before the horse. In other words, if our focus is the maintenance of essential ecosystem services, then the first question to ask is: What is the current condition of ecosystem services, and what is needed to protect, and where necessary, restore these services? The answer to this question may be obtained through an Ecosystem Services Supply Analysis.
    Haida knowledge of the natural character and functioning of Haida Gwaii forests is essential for constructing an accurate Ecosystem Services Supply Analysis. From the landscape to the patch, the natural character and functioning of Haida Gwaii forests constitute the baseline or benchmark for defining healthy levels of ecosystem services.
    Once this question about ecosystem services is answered, the land area, constraints to timber supply, and the volume of timber available may be derived. Thus, timber or “timber supply,” needs to be seen as a byproduct of protecting and restoring ecosystem services. I suggest that the Council undertake an Ecosystem Services Supply Analysis as the foundation for determining the availability of timber on Haida Gwaii.
    An Ecosystem Services Supply Analysis is consistent with the principles and practice of EBM (ecosystem-based management) as specified In the Strategic Land Use Agreement (SLUA). In particular, such an analysis is consistent with the EBM principle of focus first on what to protect then on what to use.
    The TSR Public Discussion Paper describes a “long-term timber harvesting landbase” for all forest tenure operating areas, including the timber supply area (TSA) managed by British Columbia under BC Timber Sales. An ecosystem-based timber harvesting landbase cannot be determined in the absence of an ecosystem services supply analysis, and the establishment of watershed scale networks of ecological reserves to protect essential ecosystem services (see below).
    The Junst’aa Guu-Kundt’aayah Reconciliation Protocol between the Haida Nation and British Columbia calls for “collaborative arrangements that include socioeconomic matters pertaining to children and families.” Nothing can be more important to the well-being of children and families then the protection of essential ecosystem services, particularly in the face of the climate emergency.
     
    Networks of Ecosystem Reserves—The Land Use Objectives Order (LUOO)
    “... Establishes legal objectives for forest-based values to support implementation of ecosystem- based management. These objectives protect important Haida cultural values, support ecosystem integrity and provide environmental benefit by maintaining the diversity and abundance of organisms on Haida Gwaii. Human well-being will be maintained through policies and initiatives designed to achieve socio-economic benefits, including carbon values, and timber harvest levels that will support a viable forest industry.”
    The specifications of LUOO provide a measure of protection for important Haida cultural values and pieces of ecological integrity. While well-meaning, in many cases these protections are fragmented and isolated in a landscape of industrial timber management, i.e. clearcuts. This situation means that “protection” for Haida cultural values and/or ecological integrity is either illusory or very impermanent due to the effects of degraded ecosystems that surround protected areas established under LUOO.
    The ecosystem-based solution to this problem is to incorporate the specifications of LUOO within networks of ecological reserves at multiple spatial scales. These networks of ecological reserves are identified beginning from as large an area as possible and progressing to small areas. In other words, landscape/watershed networks of ecological reserves are designated, and where human activities occur in the areas outside these networks of reserves, patch scale networks of ecological reserves are designated to guide various land uses from timber to tourism.
    I have included a short paper I prepared entitled: “Nature-based Planning — a short definition,” November, 2018. This paper includes an example of designing networks of ecological reserves at multiple spatial scales. This example is taken from an ecosystem-based conservation plan, i.e. nature- based plan prepared for the Innu Nation in Nitassinan, aka Labrador.
    The protection of approximately half of Haida Gwaii in large protected areas is a significant and progressive step towards protecting biological diversity, ecological integrity, and ecosystem services. However, these protected areas, particularly those found on Graham and Moresby Islands are surrounded by the matrix, or the area which has been extensively modified by industrial timber management and is the ongoing landbase for industrial timber management. The matrix is the area for which the timber supply review is being conducted. Without maintaining habitat, connectivity, and natural representative ecosystems across the matrix, not only is the integrity and resilience of the matrix lost, but also over time the loss of integrity in the matrix will degrade the biological diversity, ecological integrity, and cultural values of the protected areas.
    Thus, the ecological integrity of the matrix needs to be protected, in order to protect the ecological integrity of the protected areas. In Importance of matrix habitats in maintaining biological diversity, Jerry Franklin and David Lindenmayer, PNAS, vol 106, no. 2, 349-350, January 13, 2009 (attached to this letter) state:
    Hence, conservation of biological diversity has to involve maintenance of habitat at multiple spatial scales, from the scale of centimeters to that of thousands of hectares. For example, critical habitat for some species may be the provision of an individual structure, such as a standing dead tree or a log on the forest floor, in an otherwise human-modified environment. For other species it may be the provision of a large natural reserve, with a diversity of habitat conditions.
    We strongly agree with Prugh et al. (1) that resource management practices that maintain or improve the suitability of the matrix are fundamental to the conservation of biodiversity.
    Establishing networks of ecological reserves at multiple spatial scales in the matrix will provide for the protection of many, if not all of the remaining primary, old-growth forests outside of formal protected areas. Once networks of ecological reserves are established in the matrix, a potential timber harvesting landbase may be identified. I refer to this landbase as potential for timber management, because I believe the final decision for such a determination needs to be made by affected Haida communities.
     
    Proforestation as opposed to Deforestation and “Reforestation” — Planting Trees
    The choice of clear-cut timber management followed by planting trees is erroneously referred to on Haida Gwaii and elsewhere as “sustainable forest management.” This approach to timber extraction results in the degradation and often destruction of ecological integrity and biological diversity. Clearcuts degrade water, pollute air, and change local climates. Clearcuts create what has been referred to as carbon sequestration “dead zones,” and result in large losses of carbon storage. These effects of alleged sustainable forest management contribute significantly to global heating and associated climate disruption.
    In contrast, practicing proforestation, i.e. growing existing forests intact to their ecological potential (Moomaw et al, 2019) maintains ecological services while providing a diversity of socio-economic benefits. I have attached a copy of “Intact Forests in the United States: Proforestation Mitigates Climate Change and Serves the Greatest Good,” William R. Moomaw, Susan A. Masino, and Edward K. Faison in frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 11 June, 2019.
    Replacing clearcutting with partial cutting using a proforestation approach on the timber harvesting landbase for Haida Gwaii is an important step towards maintaining ecological integrity while providing a wide diversity of social and economic benefits. The timber harvesting landbase will be as determined through an ecosystem services supply analysis and establishment of multiple spatial scale ecological reserves in the matrix. Partial cutting will include the designation of “full cycle” trees, which remain on the cut area to live out their full lives, become snags, and eventually fall to the forest floor. Full cycle trees are an important way to maintain biological diversity and ecological integrity at the stand or patch scale.
     
    Ecological Reserves, Proforestation, Partial Cutting, and Economic Opportunities
    Applying proforestation on an ecologically and culturally appropriate timber management landbase will result in growing trees to ages far in excess of conventionally determined “rotation ages.” Unlike assumptions for “merchantable” tree age under conventional timber management, trees will be cut close to their ecological maturity under proforestation. This will result in the production of high quality, mature wood that is well suited to a wide spectrum of value-added wood products, from art and musical instruments to millwork and finished cabinetry. Such value-added wood products will produce 5 to 7 times or more jobs per tree cut compared to the production of commodity lumber.
    Partial cutting, including the establishment of full-cycle trees will necessitate a more labour-intensive, careful form of timber removal. Such forest sensitive timber removal will provide additional jobs per tree cut, compared to clear-cut and mechanized logging.
    The transition from clear-cut timber management to ecological reserves, proforestation, and partial cutting may in part be achieved through including small areas of remaining old-growth in the timber harvesting landbase. Over a short period of time, perhaps 5 to 10 years, the small areas of old-growth, managed under partial cutting, could provide the high quality wood to initiate significant value-added wood products manufacturing. During this transition period, proforestation and partial cutting could shift to older second growth forests within the timber management landbase. In part the transition period provides time for the development of innovative value-added wood products from second-growth forests.
    The shift to proforestation, partial cutting, and value-added wood products manufacturing could in part be funded by a tree carbon tax. Such a tax would be calculated by tree age and tree size, with the carbon tax increasing as tree age and/or tree size increase. In this way, a tree carbon tax would discourage the cutting of larger and older trees, while providing a revenue source to redefine forestry from timber exploitation to forest protection and restoration.
    I hope the suggestions contained in this letter are of interest and help to the Haida Gwaii Management Council. Due to time constraints, many details of implementing the suggestions outlined in this letter have not been included. If the Council is interested I would be pleased to both answer questions, and provide missing details associated with my suggestions.
    Sincerely,
    Herb Hammond, Forest Ecologist & RPF
     

    Herb Hammond
    Indigenous people maintained a responsible, gratitude-filled and reciprocal relationship with nature. It’s past time for settlers to use observation-based and precautionary knowledge to shape a new relationship with forests.
     
    THE FOREST IS IN TROUBLE, which means that we are all in trouble. The problems in the forest have little or nothing to do with natural disturbances or other natural forest processes.
    We are the trouble with forests. We are the forest’s pest. From climate disruption, floods, and droughts to insect outbreaks, degradation of water and soil, and loss of biodiversity, human manipulation of forests is the root cause.
    Our activities have been carried out under the guise of “sustainable forestry.” However there is little about our management that protects forests, and a lot about our management that protects the financial well-being of a few privileged individuals and companies engaged in timber exploitation.
    Management means to “control things or people.” Forestry in BC, indeed across Canada, has been firmly entrenched in a colonial paradigm, a way of thinking that started about 150 years ago in this country. That way of thinking by colonial settlers conveniently defined all the land and water as “terra nullis,” or “legally unoccupied or uninhabited.” This gave way to the subjugation and genocide, both overt and covert, of the Indigenous people, the rightful owners and inhabitants of all of Canada.
    The colonial paradigm quickly led to an extractive, exploitive view of nature. Indigenous people maintained a responsible, gratitude-filled, and reciprocal relationship with nature.  However, settlers ignored this wisdom and adopted an irresponsible, one-way relationship where nature was renamed to be “natural resources” that had no value until extracted and made into human stuff. From what Robin Wall Kimmerer beautifully describes as a living “basket of benefits” that furnishes the full spectrum of the needs for all life, colonial settlers and governments relegated nature to inanimate “things” that only had value if they served human wants and greed.
    Our current relationship with forests, as defined by forestry or forest management, follows the colonial paradigm. We have ignored our hearts and common sense as we reduced complex forests—nature—to timber, allowable annual cuts, rotation ages, dimensional lumber, tree planting, excessive corporate profit taking, and far fewer jobs in forest communities than warranted by the high levels of logging. To add insult to injury, our assault on forests has been, and continues to be, massively subsidized by government.
    We need to give voice to this story of our past to understand why and how, as just one small part of nature, we have arrived at this ominous now. Our short-sighted unfeeling treatment of Earth, often propped up by misdirected, dogmatic science leaves us on the brink of runaway climate disturbances, biodiversity collapse, and social and economic inequities that threaten the future of settler and Indigenous societies, alike.
    In his poignant book, Change the Story, Change the Future: A Living Economy for a Living Earth, economist David Korten reminds us that the current framing story—the dominant ethic for society—is the sacred money and markets story. Under this story, our efforts for meaningful change are constrained. Colonial attitudes toward nature, and more recently the omnipresent corporate control of land and governments, keep this story alive. Based on his decades of experience working with communities around the world, Korten urges us to shift to a sacred life, living Earth story. He defines “sacred” as “what is most important, most essential to the well-being of the community and its members, and therefore most worthy of special respect and care.”
    To solve the problems that beset our forests, from old-growth, biodiversity, and water protection to equitable sharing of benefits and meaningful employment, we need a new story to guide our relationship with forests. That story, that new relationship with forests is grounded in protection of natural ecological integrity and resilience and made manifest through nature-based planning. The priority for protection of nature is publicly established through an overriding law that requires compliance from all other laws, regulations, and policies that affect forests—that affect all of nature.
    A hierarchical relationship underpins nature-based plans and facilitates ecologically and culturally sustainable protection and use of forests—of ecosystems in total. Economies are part of human cultures, and human cultures are part of ecosystems. Therefore, first protecting ecosystem parts and processes provides for healthy human cultures and the economies that are part of these cultures. This understanding is the foundation for what Indigenous people refer to as a kincentric relationship with nature where human beings see themselves as related to all beings and as dependent upon the ongoing integrity of all aspects of ecosystems, i.e. home systems.
    Moving to nature-based planning and living may be achieved through a short transition period where human activities shift from exploitation to restoration and regeneration. Transition provides redistribution of wealth to fund restorative and regenerative activities. Transition shifts perverse subsidies that facilitate ecosystem exploitation, to ecologically and socially responsible subsidies that promote protection, restoration and regeneration. The cornerstone of an effective transition period and beyond is the development of diverse, inclusive community-based economies founded upon nature-based plans.
    From the knowledge learned from many Indigenous mentors and Western science, I have developed more than 25 nature-based plans (NBPs) across Canada, and have facilitated NBPs in other parts of the world. Without fail these plans inspire and empower communities to embrace a new relationship with nature—a relationship that has always been in their hearts. Where communities have access to forests and choose forestry as one way of relating to forests, application of nature-based approaches produces 3-5 times the number of jobs per tree cut compared to most industrial forestry. If this approach was followed across BC, we could reduce the volume of timber cut by 60 to 80 percent.
    If politicians denounce this new relationship as “not politically achievable,” we need to remind them that the electorate defines what is politically achievable. If we are told a new relationship is not realistic, we need to explain that there is more than one reality and the reality we advocate is inclusive for a very wide range of people and all forest beings.
    We know enough to change. Indigenous, observation-based knowledge, particularly that gained through extensive times living as part of ecosystems—not apart from them—needs to be embraced as a holistic basis for decisions. And, linear, reductionist western scientific methods may be used in appropriate places to complement observation-based knowledge. The time is way past due for Indigenous, observation-based, and precautionary knowledge to shape our relationship with forests—with nature. The use of “a lack of science,” “a lack of understanding” to justify aggressive relationships with forest, often through assumptions of convenience, needs to stop.
    Herb Hammond is a Registered Professional Forester and forest ecologist with 30 years of experience in research, industry, teaching and consulting. Together with his wife Susan, he founded the Silva Forest Foundation, a charitable society dedicated to research and education in ecosystem-based conservation planning. Herb has worked cooperatively with Indigenous Nations and rural communities to develop more than 20 ecosystem-based plans across Canada, and in Russia, the United States, and Indonesia.

    David Broadland
    Nate Hagens interviews Suzanne Simard August 13, 2024.
    Humanity’s relationship with Earth’s forests is long and complex. While some societies have preserved their understanding of the intricate connections within woodland ecosystems, others have lost sight of their importance as modern life has deepened the disconnect between humans and nature. How is science helping our modern, industrial culture reconnect with the intricate relationships that build Earth’s invaluable forests? Nate Hagens (The Great Simplification) and forest ecologist Suzanne Simard explore the forces that shape forest ecosystems, from the critical role of biodiversity in nutrient dispersal among tree species to the worrisome implications of the monoculture and clear-cutting practices common in the timber industry. What are the effects of extractive forest management techniques on trees that rely on cross-species networks to survive and thrive? How do indigenous societies, who have long understood these relationships, exist symbiotically with these magical ecosystems? What else does science not yet understand about forests that might help us navigate the ecological strain we’ve put on the biosphere?
     
     

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